Landscape Character Types

LCT 1B Open Coastal Plateau (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

An expansive, gently undulating elevated coastal landscape dominated by broad ridgelines.
Underlain by sandstone from the Crackington Formation.
Streams occasionally dissect the plateau in narrow wooded combes, predominantly draining west to the coast.
Regular modern field patterns predominate, with localised curving boundaries reflecting medieval enclosure of strip fields around some settlements. Regular post-medieval enclosures are scattered throughout.
Medium to large fields are typically enclosed by Devon hedgebanks topped with mixed-species hedgerows, generally intensively flailed.
An intensively farmed predominantly pastoral landscape, although arable is a notable feature throughout.
Largely open and treeless due to exposure, with woodland cover restricted to settlements, valleys, outgrown hedgerows and occasional wind-sculpted trees.
Semi-natural habitats largely restricted to hedgebanks and hedgerows, although patches of semi-natural woodland and grassland (including Culm grassland) occasionally occur along the LCT boundary.
Archaeological features include Iron Age hillforts and a Grade I listed medieval church tower, which forms a prominent local landmark in views from both land and sea.
Local vernacular characterised by whitewash or exposed stone walls, with grey slate tile roofs and occasional thatch (there are many listed buildings across the LCT). Modern cream-yellow rendered buildings are a common feature throughout.
A dispersed settlement pattern of small, nucleated hamlets.
Scattered farmsteads are often nestled just below the ridgeline, connected by a network of rural lanes with numerous crossroads marked by traditional black and white wooden fingerposts.
Large modern farm buildings form prominent features, along with the distinctive domed Royal Air Force (RAF) radar at Hartland Point.
An open, exposed landscape with far-reaching views (often to the coast and along the peninsula). Out to sea, the island of Lundy is an important feature visible from much of the area.
A landscape defined by very high levels of tranquility and remoteness, with dark night skies.
The South West Coast Path traces the west-facing coastline; elsewhere rights of way are limited to farm tracks and occasional footpaths/bridleways.

Locally distinctive whitewash houses at Hartland village.

Valued landscape attributes

Open views and sense of space.
Nature conservation value of the landscape's woodlands, grassland, hedgerows and characteristic dwarf hedgerow trees.
High levels of tranquillity, dark night skies and the landscape's rural, undeveloped character.
Windswept and wild character.
Prominent archaeological and historic features contribute to a sense of time-depth.

View south-west across open rolling farmland with Stoke Church tower on the horizon.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect sites designated for their biodiversity (including County Wildlife Sites), semi-natural woodland and grassland (including Culm grassland) .

Manage

Manage and protect the landscape's network of hedgerows and characteristic dwarf hedgerow trees, replanting ageing or diseased specimens (with climate hardy species) to ensure the future survival of these important habitat networks.

Manage hedgerows for the benefit of biodiversity to increase the range of species supported within the agricultural landscape.

Manage the landscape's valued woodlands around settlements and in sheltered locations and implement measures to control invasive species.

Plan

Restore and develop interconnected nature recovery networks of coastal heath and cliff-top grassland (including Culm grassland) which extend inland, creating buffer zones between cliff communities and improved agricultural land.

Plan for the future of ancient/broadleaved woodlands (managing them to incorporate climate-hardy species) and other semi-natural habitats such as Culm grasslands and heath, particularly to account for habitat / species migration due to future climate change.

Take a landscape-led response to the UK-wide policy drive for increased tree and woodland planting, implementing the Devon Local Nature Partnership's 'Right Place, Right Tree' principles to create a balance of climate-resilient native species appropriate to the local landscape.

Plan for the impacts of a changing climate on the coastline, allowing natural processes to take place whilst considering how habitats and the South West Coast Path can be expanded or relocated to account for coastal squeeze.

New development should include green infrastructure links to contribute to recreation, wildlife and nature recovery networks.

LCT 1B: Open Coastal Plateau

Large rectangular fields on the elevated plateau with long, open views west towards the sea and the outline of Lundy Island on the horizon.

Summary description

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 1B Open Coastal Plateau (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

An expansive, gently undulating elevated coastal landscape dominated by broad ridgelines.
Underlain by sandstone from the Crackington Formation.
Streams occasionally dissect the plateau in narrow wooded combes, predominantly draining west to the coast.
Regular modern field patterns predominate, with localised curving boundaries reflecting medieval enclosure of strip fields around some settlements. Regular post-medieval enclosures are scattered throughout.
Medium to large fields are typically enclosed by Devon hedgebanks topped with mixed-species hedgerows, generally intensively flailed.
An intensively farmed predominantly pastoral landscape, although arable is a notable feature throughout.
Largely open and treeless due to exposure, with woodland cover restricted to settlements, valleys, outgrown hedgerows and occasional wind-sculpted trees.
Semi-natural habitats largely restricted to hedgebanks and hedgerows, although patches of semi-natural woodland and grassland (including Culm grassland) occasionally occur along the LCT boundary.
Archaeological features include Iron Age hillforts and a Grade I listed medieval church tower, which forms a prominent local landmark in views from both land and sea.
Local vernacular characterised by whitewash or exposed stone walls, with grey slate tile roofs and occasional thatch (there are many listed buildings across the LCT). Modern cream-yellow rendered buildings are a common feature throughout.
A dispersed settlement pattern of small, nucleated hamlets.
Scattered farmsteads are often nestled just below the ridgeline, connected by a network of rural lanes with numerous crossroads marked by traditional black and white wooden fingerposts.
Large modern farm buildings form prominent features, along with the distinctive domed Royal Air Force (RAF) radar at Hartland Point.
An open, exposed landscape with far-reaching views (often to the coast and along the peninsula). Out to sea, the island of Lundy is an important feature visible from much of the area.
A landscape defined by very high levels of tranquility and remoteness, with dark night skies.
The South West Coast Path traces the west-facing coastline; elsewhere rights of way are limited to farm tracks and occasional footpaths/bridleways.

Locally distinctive whitewash houses at Hartland village.

Valued landscape attributes

Open views and sense of space.
Nature conservation value of the landscape's woodlands, grassland, hedgerows and characteristic dwarf hedgerow trees.
High levels of tranquillity, dark night skies and the landscape's rural, undeveloped character.
Windswept and wild character.
Prominent archaeological and historic features contribute to a sense of time-depth.

View south-west across open rolling farmland with Stoke Church tower on the horizon.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect sites designated for their biodiversity (including County Wildlife Sites), semi-natural woodland and grassland (including Culm grassland) .

Manage

Manage hedgerows for the benefit of biodiversity to increase the range of species supported within the agricultural landscape.

Manage the landscape's valued woodlands around settlements and in sheltered locations and implement measures to control invasive species.

Plan

New development should include green infrastructure links to contribute to recreation, wildlife and nature recovery networks.

LCT 1D: Estate Wooded Ridges & Hilltops

View north-east from Codden Hill towards the settlement of Landkey.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) occupies a small part of North Devon District, encompassing a prominent series of chert hills running parallel to the A361 from the eastern fringes of Barnstaple to the edges of the Castle Hill Estate.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 14: Codden Hill and Wooded Estates

Key characteristics

Distinctive topography of dramatic whale-backed ridges stretching east-west across the landscape, surrounded by strongly undulating land.
Ridges of chert rising above the surrounding rolling landscape underlain by mudstones with bands of sandstone. Exposures of limestone, chert and sandstone visible in local quarries, some of which are designated geological features.
Hill summits of up to 190 metres (e.g. Codden Hill) affording spectacular panoramic views, including to the uplands of Exmoor (to the north) and Dartmoor (to the south).
Landscape cut by a series of streams draining from the ridges, forming tributaries of the Taw and Bray (to the west and east respectively).
Predominantly pastoral character with sheep and cattle grazing. Hill slopes and summits provide rough grazing land, with historic wood pasture and parkland associated with estates.
Mixture of curving medieval fields and more regular larger enclosures of recent origin, bounded by species-rich hedges with fern-rich banks. Some hedges are high with no topping vegetation (e.g. on hill summits), whilst those on woodland edges are characterised by grown-out lines of beech.
Large bands of broadleaved beech and oak woodland snaking across the ridges and along stream valleys, with blocks of conifer plantation and secondary woodland on hill slopes. Estate woodland with veteran trees around Castle Hill.
Traditional orchards found near some settlements.
Many important habitats (often County Wildlife Sites) including clusters of heathland, bracken and semi-improved grassland, rush pasture and neutral grasslands, historic wood pasture and ancient trees, with rich broadleaved woodlands and damp meadows throughout.
Rich time-depth with heritage features including a Bronze Age barrow, nationally important parkland surrounding Grade I and II* listed estates, and historic quarries, traditionally worked for roadstone.
Strong traditional vernacular of whitewash with black painted details, with some buildings of cream cob/render as well as exposed local stone. Listed buildings are associated with historic settlements, particularly those which are Conservation Areas.
Nucleated hamlets and farmsteads are nestled at the base of slopes. Swimbridge, Landkey and Bishop's Tawton are the main settlements.
An overall strong sense of tranquillity and history with little modern development. The northern fringes of the LCT are influenced by the eastern edge of Barnstaple and noise and movement on the A361 trunk road.
Quarries form prominent features in the open countryside in the west, as do golf courses.
The Tarka Trail links settlements in the west, via Venn Quarry.

Historic parkland and wood pasture at the Castle Hill estate.

Valued landscape attributes

Long, panoramic views including to Lundy Island and the uplands of Exmoor and Dartmoor.
Areas of ancient parkland and wood pasture with veteran trees.
Important wildlife habitats including lowland heath on Codden Hill.
Network of winding rural roads and ancient trackways.
High levels of peace and tranquillity.

Venn Quarry (view north from Codden Hill).

Management guidelines

Protect

Conserve and manage surviving traditional orchards.

Protect rural lanes and tracks and their associated hedges and flower-rich hedge-banks which are important contributors to habitat networks.

Conserve existing habitat mosaics including heathland, bracken and semi-improved grassland, rush pasture and neutral grasslands, historic wood pasture and ancient trees.

Manage

Manage parkland landscapes, including valued tracts of wood pasture, resisting the conversion of pasture to arable, and encouraging extensive grazing management.

Manage remaining ancient and veteran parkland trees, including through traditional pollarding where appropriate.

Sustainably manage woodland (using of traditional techniques such as coppicing) and investigate opportunities for the use of timber as woodfuel. Promote natural regeneration and use extensive grazing to enhance the species diversity of woodland ground flora.

Manage and expand semi-natural heathland habitats (e.g. Codden Hill), including through the use of appropriate grazing and burning as necessary.

Manage agricultural land to increase its wildlife interest, including through the use of buffer strips, uncultivated margins and field corners.

Manage the network of Devon banks, reflecting local variations in styles and species composition. Reduce flailing cycles, allowing lengths to grow out, particularly in lengths away from the road network.

Plan

Ensure long-term renewal of parkland, including the planting of the next generation of veteran trees (choosing a diversity of species to improve resilience).

Respond to the UK-wide policy drive for tree/woodland planting in line with the Devon Local Nature Partnership's 'Right Place, Right Tree' principles. Ensure there is a balance of climate-resilient native species appropriate to the local landscape and which retain and enhance the distinctive characteristics of the landscape, including using new tree planting to help screen and soften visual impact of new built elements that detract from rural character.

Develop long-term restructuring proposals for the more prominent conifer plantations to mixed woodland and open habitats, including re-creation of heathland and Culm grasslands as part of local nature recovery networks.

Reinstate coppicing and hedge laying to neglected sections, planting new trees where specimens are over-mature (using climate-hardy species to ensure longevity). Restore lost and gappy sections, particularly at right angles to slopes, to strengthen field patterns and reduce soil erosion / run off into adjacent watercourses.

Expand lowland heathland around Codden Hill, with remnant sites re-linked to form an intact habitat network and contribute to nature recovery networks.

Explore options for habitat re-creation in disused quarry sites, whilst protecting the legibility of important geological outcrops. Provide opportunities for educational access where possible.

LCT 1D Estate Wooded Ridges & Hilltops (PDF) [774KB]

LCT 1F: Farmed Lowland Moorland & Culm Grassland

North Devon 'Ruby Red' cattle grazing Knowstone Outer Moor.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) is distributed across large areas of Torridge District, stretching into the south and south-eastern corner of North Devon. It covers the landscape's high open tracts of Culm grassland and 'moors' which sit on the poorly drained soils and sandstone ridges of the Culm Measures geological series.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 32: High Culm Ridges

DCA 36: High Torridge Culm Plateau

LCT 1F Farmed Lowland Moorland & Culm Grassland (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Gently undulating landform, in some places of a plateau-like character.
Underlying geology of Culm Measures - mudstones and siltstones with bands of sandstone creating gently rolling topography. Areas where sandstone dominates are of a higher, plateau character.
Landscape crossed by frequent streams, springs, wet ditches and small ponds fringed by wet woodland, rush pasture and meadows.
Open areas of Culm grassland and patches of heath surrounded by a regular pattern of medium-scale post-medieval and modern fields, with some earlier fields of medieval origin with curving boundaries.
Square-cut beech hedgebanks with rushy verges bordering wet ditches. Patches of bracken and gorse, as well as wind-sculpted beech trees, give an exposed feel to higher locations. Areas on the fringes of more intensive farming include mixed species hedges with flower and fern-rich banks.
Pastoral character including rough cattle/sheep grazing on expanses of Culm grassland and heath. More intensive farming, including occasional arable fields, poultry units and localised pony paddocks on the fringes of the 'moors'.
Large blocks of conifer plantation (particularly in Torridge), as well as frequent patches of beech/oak woodland, secondary woodland on plantation edges and willow carr associated with streams.
Expanses of herb-rich Culm grassland (within the Culm Grasslands Special Area of Conservation) supporting rich wildlife. Large tracts of wet heath, rich flushes, valley mires, fen and marshy grasslands found elsewhere; many designated as County Wildlife Sites.
Frequent clusters of nationally important Bronze Age barrows on elevated sites, disused quarries and the remains of a medieval castle.
Variety of traditional building styles, particularly white/cream cob render with slate. Villages often include white and cream modern bungalows on the outskirts; several are Conservation Areas.
Sparse settlement pattern with scattered farmsteads, clustered hamlets and nucleated villages often occupying ridgetop positions.
Straight roads crossing along ridgelines, occasionally running through tunnels created by mature beech trees particularly on the fringes of settlements. Distinctive white fingerposts at road crossing points.
Wind turbines visually influence parts of the landscape, notably a large wind farm in North Devon and several small wind farm developments in Torridge.
Golf courses, fishing lakes, caravan parks, equestrian centres, disused airfields, industrial land uses and main roads dilute perceptions of tranquillity and remoteness locally.
Elevation affording long views across the landscape and beyond - e.g. to the contrasting lush green fields of the surrounding farmland and the high moorland landscapes of Dartmoor and Exmoor.

Culm grassland at Dunsdon National Nature Reserve

Valued landscape attributes

Distinctive Culm grassland habitats supporting rich birdlife.
Traditional management regimes (including grazing by Ruby Red North Devon cattle - the area is often referred to as 'Ruby Red country').
Small field patterns reinforce historic character; fields enclosed by thick Devon banks and surrounded by open grazing land.
Isolated farms and farmsteads strengthen rural agricultural character.
High levels of tranquillity and remoteness.

View towards Great Claw Moor conifer plantation.

Management guidelines

Protect

Conserve remaining areas of internationally important Culm grassland habitat, resisting any further development which would be detrimental to their biodiversity value.

Conserve the streams, springs, ditches and associated wetland habitats which form an important part of the habitat mosaic within the farmed landscape.

Protect the farming and land management traditions of the area, continuing to support local farmers to graze the Culm grasslands and lowland moors as integral parts of their farming system.

Manage

Manage Culm grassland and unimproved grassland areas, including through managed burning and locally appropriate levels of grazing; encourage farmers and commoners to manage 'marginal' land as an integral part of the wider farming regime.

Manage the area's existing plantations for sustainable timber production and wildlife interest, creating new green links to surrounding semi-natural habitats as part of local nature recovery networks and moving towards mixed species composition wherever possible.

Manage woodland using traditional techniques (e.g. coppicing) for age and species diversity.

Manage the landscape's distinctive beech hedges with species-rich banks and ditches which form important habitat networks across the farmed landscape.

Plan

Utilise the new Environmental Land Management scheme (ELMs) and other initiatives such as Local Nature Recovery Strategies (as they emerge) to manage and enhance the wildlife interest of the farmed landscape.

Expand and link fragmented Culm grassland habitats through the restoration and creation new habitat to increase biodiversity value, resilience to climate change and to contribute to wider nature recovery networks.

Re-create new areas of heath and Culm grassland as part of future plans to re-structure the area's conifer plantations. Where plantations continue to be productive, promote further edge planting of locally distinctive beech to assimilate the plantations into the landscape.

Restore lost or degraded lengths of hedgerow to strengthen ecological connectivity, reduce agricultural run-off and provide natural flood management whilst respecting the characteristic local field patterns. Follow guidelines published by Devon Hedge Group.

Respond to the UK-wide policy drive for increased woodland planting following Devon Local Nature Partnership's 'Right Place, Right Tree' principles. Encourage the establishment of new broadleaved woods and copses using native species, as well as mixed plantations to help screen recent development/incongruous features, without masking distinctive views or affecting areas of archaeological interest.

LCT 2C: Steep Open Slopes

Steeply sloping grassland below Woolacombe Down, with Morte Point visible in views to the north-west.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the steep west-facing slopes below Woolacombe Down and wrapping above the coastal cliffs around Mortehoe. It also includes the south-facing slopes that fall away below Saunton Down, overlooking Braunton Burrows and Saunton Sands. All of this LCT falls within the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), North Devon Biosphere Reserve, and is defined as part of the North Devon Heritage Coast.

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 2C Steep Open Slopes (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Very steep slopes dropping away from downland hill summits towards the coast. The slopes are crossed by occasional springs and streams draining from the downland above.
Varied geology, including Morte slate, sandstones and mudstones - all laid down during the Late Devonian period.
An area of geological significance, with a Regionally Important Geological Site designation.
An exposed landscape with tree cover limited to occasional wind-sculpted shelterbelts and individual pine specimens associated with properties, along with patches of blackthorn scrub and small areas of stunted oak woodland in the north.
Stone-faced Devon hedges (often using locally-distinctive Morte slate) with sparse topping vegetation - usually patches of wind-pruned gorse and scrub. Some fields are divided by post-and-wire fencing.
Upper slopes are mainly open downland and remnant heath, whilst lower slopes are often enclosed in a regular medium-large scale pattern of post-medieval and modern fields.
The landscape is largely used for rough grazing (mainly by sheep).
Nature conservation interest provided by a mosaic of maritime grasslands, coastal heath, bracken and scrub (including gorse and blackthorn). There are several County Wildlife Sites in the LCT.
Wildlife designations including numerous Sites of Special Scientific Interest and an Important Bird Area, primarily designated for their valued stretches of coastal heath and presence of breeding sea birds.
Historic features include nationally important ancient cultivation terraces, and a scattering of former quarries which historically provided local building stone.
Listed buildings dating from World War II include a pillbox and lookout tower.
The majority of the landscape is unsettled owing to its steep topography, although the fringes of larger settlements nearby extend into the LCT.
A range of vernacular building styles including the Victorian and Edwardian villa-style houses and grand hotels, and traditional buildings of whitewash and local Morte slate.
Linear tourism-related development is concentrated along coast roads, with some detached individual properties (some of which are holiday lets).
Some clear views towards coastal development nearby, diluting otherwise high levels of tranquillity and remoteness.
The elevated slopes afford long-ranging and panoramic views across the coastal landscapes of the North Devon AONB.
The South West Coast Path and Tarka Trail follow the coastal edge. Much of the LCT is Open Access Land.

Rough grassland slope running down to meet rocky foreshores south of Saunton Down.

Valued landscape attributes

Distinctive topography including narrow, windswept slopes, dramatic headlands and minor combe valleys.
Iconic coastal views.
Sense of naturalness with important areas of remnant coastal heath.
Valued area for recreation - including for circular walks and Open Access Land.
Contrast between lively coastal activities nearby and the slopes' remote character.

View of Saunton Down (featuring the landmark Saunton Sands Hotel) from Saunton Sands, the slope rising steeply above the coast road.

Management guidelines

Protect

Conserve the nationally important semi-natural habitats including the mosaic of maritime grasslands, coastal heath, bracken and scrub (including gorse and blackthorn), which are particularly important for supporting breeding bird populations.

Protect the areas of broadleaved oak woodland in the north of the LCT.

Manage

Manage the open downland and remnant heath on the upper slopes through an appropriate grazing regime.

Manage Devon hedges for the benefit of biodiversity and their role in contributing to habitat networks.

Plan

Mitigate the effects of climate change, particularly coastal squeeze, seeking to expand and link semi-natural habitats and wildlife networks as part of local nature recovery networks.

Plan for the future effects of climate change along the coast, allowing natural processes to take place as much as possible.

Utilise the new Environmental Land Management Schemes and other initiatives (as they emerge) to manage and enhance the wildlife interest of the farmed landscape and contribute to nature recovery networks.

Replace lost hedges where appropriate to improve linkages between habitats and to help prevent run-off and erosion.

LCT 2D: Moorland Edge Slopes

Long views across undulating pastoral farmland with farmsteads nestled within.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Types (LCT) forms the southern and western edges of Exmoor National Park, providing an important setting and transition to the nationally designated landscape.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 27: Exmoor Fringe

Key characteristics

Elevated land with a rolling topography, in parts steeply sloping down from the moorland core of Exmoor.
Devonian sandstone geology around the edges of Exmoor, with a band of Upcott Slate marking the transition with the softer siltstones and mudstones of the Culm Measures further south.
Landscape crossed by streams and springs draining into the adjacent steeply incised wooded valleys (LCTs 3D and 3H).
Mixture of regular modern and Parliamentary fields of small to medium scale, with smaller curving fields of medieval origin remaining on valley slopes.
Fields enclosed by square-cut beech hedgebanks with some grown out sections of mature wind-sculpted trees and historic banks on the edge of Exmoor. Lengths near spring-lines include ferns in banks, and valley slopes are characterised by more species-diverse Devon hedges.
Mainly sheep grazing in improved pasture fields and rough grazing on the edges of Exmoor. Some horse keeping on the edges of settlements.
Generally sparse woodland cover with occasional bands of broadleaved woodland lining streams and grown-out beech hedgebanks forming tree lines. Some pine shelterbelts on higher ground. Remnant orchards are occasional features.
Exmoor character reflected in areas of species-rich rush pasture and patches of gorse scrub. Some areas of sloping land include nationally and internationally important wet heath, Molinia mire and neutral grassland habitats.
Prominent Grade II* estate with 19th century parkland and historic wood pasture, is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest for its rich lichen and invertebrate communities.
Many Scheduled Monuments contribute to a strong time depth, including Bronze Age barrows forming crowning features on hill summits. Iron Age hillforts occupy commanding positions above valleys together with ancient settlement remains.
Strong local vernacular of sandstone buildings with slate roofs and red brick detailing, with some cream cob/render buildings standing out against a pastoral backdrop.
Clustered hamlets and villages at road crossing points often centred on a square-towered church. Farmsteads scattered throughout, nestled in dips and shielded by beech shelterbelts.
Clusters of listed buildings in small villages, with one historic settlement a Conservation Area.
Modern development on settlement fringes, a prominent telecommunications mast and solar farms locally dilute overarching strong perceptions of tranquillity and remoteness.
The Two Moors Way crosses the east of the LCT and National Cycle Network Routes 3 and 276 are found in the west.
Long-distance views from hill summits across North Devon and to the coast. This LCT is visually connected with settlement and common land in Exmoor National Park.

Long views from the landscape to Exmoor National Park.

Valued landscape attributes

Strong sense of openness with distant views to Exmoor and across to North Devon.
Small, square field patterns reinforce pastoral character, with beech hedges on stone-faced banks.
Moorland influence in vegetation and rich, varied wildlife habitats.
Picturesque villages with traditional buildings linked by rural lanes.
Senses of isolation, tranquillity and remoteness.

Square-cut beech hedges with fern- and flower-rich banks

Management guidelines

Protect

Conserve areas of species-rich rush pasture, patches of gorse scrub and nationally and internationally important wet heath, Molinia mire and neutral grassland habitats.

Manage

Manage the landscape's distinctive beech hedges with species-rich banks which form important habitat networks across the farmed landscape.

Replant lost hedges (particularly along slopes) to reinforce the distinct field patterns of the landscape, contribute to nature recovery networks, minimise soil erosion and reduce diffuse pollution.

Manage farmland to reduce agricultural run-off into watercourses which flow downstream into the valleys.

Manage areas of woodland for the benefit of biodiversity, particularly along streams.

Plan

Undertake new tree planting following Devon Local Nature Partnership's 'Right Place, Right Tree' principles. Avoid locations where trees would adversely affect valued characteristics of the landscape including long views and the expansive, open character of higher ground.

Restore and manage areas of relict traditional orchards and explore opportunities to create of new ones, including community orchards to promote local food production.

LCT 2D Moorland Edge Slopes (PDF) [1MB]

LCT 3A: Upper Farmed Wooded Valley Slopes

View south-west from Newton Tracey across a patchwork of large scale mixed arable and pastoral fields.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) comprises the upper catchments of the main river valleys in both Torridge and North Devon districts, comprising a gently rolling pastoral landscape of fields bounded by thick Devon hedges, crossed by a network of springs and tributary streams.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 32: High Culm Ridges

LCT 3A Upper Farmed Wooded Valley Slopes (PDF) [684KB]

Key characteristics

Strongly undulating landform of rolling hills and farmland cut by tributary streams feeding into the main river valleys.
Underlying geology comprising mudstones and siltstones with bands of sandstone creating the rolling landform ('Culm Measures').
A pastoral landscape, with some fields of arable cultivation on higher slopes, forming a strong mosaic with copses, interlinking Devon hedges and small woodlands as well as occasional small blocks of coniferous plantation. Remnant orchards are associated with farmsteads.
Strong pattern of medium-scale fields of medieval and post-medieval origin enclosed by species-rich Devon hedges with flower-rich banks. Thick hedges with frequent hedgerow trees found on more sheltered valley slopes.
Some areas of intensive arable cultivation in larger, regular fields found on more elevated land. Villages and tributary valleys often characterised by smaller, historic field patterns.
Nature conservation interest provided by areas of species-rich Culm grassland, rich valley mire, wet woodland and damp meadows associated with tributary valleys and springs. Patches of gorse on higher slopes give some areas an upland feel.
A number of designated County Wildlife Sites, covering broadleaved and ancient woodlands and Culm grassland.
Historic villages and hamlets (several of which are Conservation Areas) typically dispersed and clustered on hilltops with farmsteads distributed throughout, linked by winding rural roads and steep sunken lanes crossing stone bridges. Crossroads are marked by distinctive white fingerposts.
Strong local vernacular of whitewash and white/cream render with painted window and door frames and slate roofs. Some buildings constructed of exposed stone with red brick detailing, with the use of thatch important locally.
Linhays (traditional animal shelters) constructed of cob and local stone with slate or corrugated iron roofs, reinforcing a strong history of farming.
Square church towers (many of which are Grade II* listed) form strong local landmark features peeping through the rolling hills. Other heritage features include a prominent prehistoric hillfort and designated parkland. .
Overall a peaceful and highly rural landscape. Main roads, prominent pylon lines and the influence of modern development erode levels of tranquillity locally. .
The Tarka Trail and National Cycle Network Route 3 dissect the LCT in Torridge district.

A typical view of rolling farmland, interspersed with small tracts of woodland and conifer plantation.

Valued landscape attributes

Open landscape with important vantage points and uninterrupted vistas enjoyed by people.
Narrow sunken lanes and species-rich hedgebanks.
Culm grassland and copses, woodlands and tree clumps important for wildlife.
Cob, thatch and whitewashed buildings, including traditional linhays which give time-depth to the landscape.
Little or no light pollution resulting in starlit skies.

View towards South Molton across gently undulating arable fields.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect valued areas of Culm grassland and implement appropriate management regimes.

Conserve existing areas of semi-natural habitat including rush pasture, wet woodland and damp meadows.

Manage

Restore lengths of lost Devon hedges, respecting traditional bank styles and species composition, to contribute to landscape structure, provide important linkages between semi-natural habitats and to prevent agricultural run-off.

Manage parkland and grassland habitats to prevent damage to tree root systems.

Retain veteran/dying trees for their wildlife habitats, seeking to plant the next generation of parkland trees using locally prevalent, climate-resilient species.

Manage areas of semi-natural habitat including Culm grassland, wetlands and scrub though appropriate levels of grazing, and encourage farmers to manage areas of 'marginal' land within their wider farming regime.

Manage broadleaved woodlands on valley sides (including use of traditional techniques such as coppicing) and promote woodland planting which extends and strengthens the existing woodland and hedge network, in line with Devon Local Nature Partnership's Right Place, Right Tree guidance.

Manage plantations to maximise their biodiversity, and encourage sustainable timber production.

Plan

Identify opportunities for enhancing agriculture (e.g. through the new Environmental Land Management scheme) that would reinforce local distinctiveness and beauty of the countryside whilst also delivering other objectives, for example restoring ponds, hedgerows, orchards and copses as part of the farming landscape.

Encourage natural regeneration of woodland (including ancient woodland) and undertake new planting (using climate-hardy species) to link fragmented sites.

Restore and manage areas of relict traditional orchards and explore opportunities for the creation of new ones, including community orchards.

Create, extend and link woodland and wetland habitats to enhance the water storage capacity of the landscape (reducing incidences of downstream flooding) and improve water quality through reducing soil erosion and agricultural run-off.

Reduce nutrient and sediment pollution of water courses by creating riparian buffer strips and creating new hedges along contours to intercept pollutants and minimise impacts on water quality.

Plan to extend and re-link remnant areas of semi-natural habitats (e.g. Culm grasslands, meadows and woodland) to enhance wildlife corridors, increase resilience to climate change and contribute to local nature recovery networks.

LCT 3C: Sparsely Settled Farmed Valley Floors

View north towards Castle Hill estate and mansion house, with parkland trees and pastoral floodplain.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the broad valley floors and floodplains of the main river valleys of the Taw, Torridge, Bray, Mole, Carey, Claw, Deer and Tamar which flow through the two districts.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 14: Codden Hill and Wooded Estates

DCA 44: North Devon Downs

LCT 3C Sparsely Settled Farmed Valley Floors (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Gently meandering courses of the districts' main rivers, flowing through open valley floors and floodplains contained by steep valley sides.
Underlying geology comprising Culm Measures (mudstones, siltstones and shales) with more resistant bands of sandstone. Red/orange soils exposed by river channels cutting through the landform.
Open pastoral fields enclosed by low-cut thorn hedges, with some areas of unenclosed rough grazing on wet meadows / rushy pasture. Fields form a regular pattern, of post-medieval and modern origin.
Valley floors include traditional orchards, bands of wet woodland and areas of estate parkland with ancient trees.
Rich semi-natural habitats including Culm grasslands, Molinia-rich mire, rush pasture, unimproved meadows, ponds and wet woodland - including willow and alder carr. Some are County Wildlife Sites.
Some important river, floodplain meadows and ancient oak woodlands habitats designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
Grade I and II listed historic parkland estates with ancient wood pasture on the flanks of rivers.
Other cultural features include Iron Age hillforts occupying commanding positions above the river valleys (outside this LCT), and mills, weirs and arched stone bridges relating to the valleys' rich industrial heritage.
Strong literary association of the Taw and Torridge valleys with Henry Williamson's 1927 novel Tarka the Otter.
Historic hamlets and villages located at river crossing points, with some extending in linear form along the valley floors.
Strong local vernacular of cream, whitewash and pale yellow cottages with slate or thatched roofs, with some use of local sandstone with red brick detailing.
Winding courses of the valley floors sometimes traced by roads including the main A377, and A386, with minor routes crossing the rivers on historic stone hump-backed bridges.
High levels of peace and tranquillity with scenic views along the open valleys and to the surrounding wooded slopes (LCT 3G). Perceptions of tranquillity are broken locally by the presence of main roads and nearby large settlement fringes.
The multi-user Tarka Trail follows the course of the old railway line.

Wood pasture and parkland at King's Nympton.

Valued landscape attributes

Unspoilt, 'natural' and peaceful landscape.
Valued riparian and floodplain habitats with associated wildlife.
Trees and woodlands tracing watercourses, important for biodiversity, flood mitigation and carbon sequestration.
Historic features including old barns, stone bridges and mills providing a sense of time-depth to the landscape.
Importance for recreation and 'escapism'.

Grazing marsh/rush pasture with in-field trees, enclosed by woodland on the banks of the River Torridge, west of Shebbear.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect valued areas of Culm grassland and implement appropriate management regimes.

Protect and manage remaining traditional orchards.

Conserve existing areas of semi-natural habitat including rush pasture, unimproved meadows, ponds and willow and alder carr woodland.

Protect the role of the valley floors as natural floodplains.

Manage

Manage wood pasture and grassland habitats to prevent damage to tree root systems.

Retain veteran/dying trees for their wildlife habitats, seeking to plant the next generation of parkland trees using locally prevalent, climate-resilient species.

Manage wet woodland and floodplains through traditional grazing and land management regimes to enhance their wildlife value and roles in flood prevention.

Manage areas of semi-natural habitat including water meadows and riparian habitats on valley floors. Link and extend habitats where possible to increase biodiversity, contribute to nature recovery networks and provide suitable habitats for species including otters.

Plan

Understand likely hydrological changes in watercourses resulting from climate change and the impact of these changes on flood risk. Natural flood defenses and allowing space for flooding by restoring floodplain connectivity should be enhanced where appropriate within the landscape.

Restore and manage areas of relict traditional orchards and explore opportunities for the creation of new ones, including community orchards.

Restore riparian corridors of native broadleaved trees to provide shade and keep rivers cool.

Encourage natural regeneration of woodland and undertake new planting (using climate-hardy species) to link fragmented sites.

Reduce nutrient and sediment pollution of water courses by creating riparian buffer strips, creating new hedges along contours, and constructing wetlands to intercept pollutants.

Encourage rewilding of suitable areas of the floodplain via natural processes.

Encourage the provision of wide corridors/buffers for rivers and streams.

Restore riparian habitats by removing hard engineering which impedes natural processes and ceasing practices including dredging which are detrimental to healthy rivers.

LCT 3D: Upland River Valleys

Sloping pasture fields north-west of Lambscombe.

Summary description

The upland river valleys drain southwards from the high moorland core of Exmoor National Park, containing fast flowing water and slopes clothed in ancient oak woodlands.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 27: Exmoor Fringe

Key characteristics

Deeply incised valleys, with clear fast-flowing streams draining southwards from the high moorlands of Exmoor.
Watercourses carving through rocky courses of Late Devonian geology - from Morte slates in the north, through sandstones and finally across the softer mudstones, siltstones and shales on the edges of the River Yeo.
Upper slopes defined by rough grassland and remnant heath grazed by sheep, whilst valley bottoms include open species-rich meadows, rushy pasture and floodplain grasslands.
Fields between woodlands originating from the medieval and post-medieval period (including distinctive regular 'Barton fields'). Higher slopes often defined by the straight-sided 19th century fields associated with Exmoor.
Fields on Exmoor fringes bounded by square-cut beech hedges and fencing, whilst further downstream lanes and fields are enclosed by mixed species hedges with wildflower, fern and moss-rich banks.
Dense woodland cover along valley sides - ancient oak with carpets of bluebells and primroses in spring; broadleaved beech-dominated woodlands; wet woodland along stream sides and conifer plantations.
Traditional orchards found in some locations.
Nature conservation interest provided by ancient and semi-natural broadleaved woodlands, areas of species-rich meadow and rush pasture, and patches of gorse, bracken, mire, acid grasslands and remnant heath on upper slopes. Many areas are County Wildlife Sites.
Historic features including stone bridges, mills, quarries and dismantled railways as a legacy of past industry.
Buildings are of local red sandstone with red brick detailing; cream rendered cottages (often thatched) with coloured beams also feature. The historic village of Molland is a Conservation Area.
Sparsely settled with hamlets and small villages clustered at bridging points. Some larger settlements with linear housing spread outside their historic cores.
A highly tranquil and rural landscape - disrupted in the valley by the main A399.
Leisure activities and fishing associated with the reservoir on the fringes of Exmoor.
The Tarka Trail and Macmillan Way West pass through the LCT.

A typical wooded valley north-west of Molland, with conifer plantation of the valley sides.

Valued landscape attributes

Narrow winding lanes crossing historic stone bridges.
Natural qualities of the rivers and valley woodlands are important for wildlife.
Valleys form part of the landscape setting of Exmoor National Park.
Strong sense of tranquillity, isolation and 'escapism'.
Importance for recreation and leisure activities, and access to nature.

Hedge-bound pastoral fields in the Bray valley near Little Bray.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect the network of species-rich hedgebanks.

Conserve tracts of wet woodland located along the sides of streams.

Manage

Manage and enhance the valleys' semi-natural woodlands (including ancient woodland) through traditional techniques including coppicing and grazing to promote natural regeneration and species diversity of ground flora.

Manage conifer plantations for sustainable timber production, recreation and wildlife, creating new green links to surrounding semi-natural habitats as part of local nature recovery networks.

Restore planted ancient woodland sites to semi-natural woodland.

Within the valleys, manage and extend species-rich meadows and floodplain grasslands through appropriate grazing and traditional land management regimes - both to enhance their wildlife value and functions in flood prevention.

Ensure appropriate management regimes of the mosaic of semi-natural habitats including rough grassland and remnant heath with patches of gorse, bracken and mire.

Plan

Develop long-term restructuring of the more prominent conifer plantations and shelterbelts to mixed productive woodland and open habitats, including re-creation of heathland and rush pasture as part of local nature recovery networks. Incorporate opportunities for access and recreation, wherever possible.

Strengthen the landscape's resilience to climate change, including through new tree planting (following Devon Local Nature Partnership's 'Right Place, Right Tree' principles), natural succession and wetland restoration along watercourses to enhance water storage capacity in times of drought, and flood prevention during episodes of high rainfall.

Restore and manage areas of relict traditional orchards and explore opportunities to create of new ones, including community orchards to promote local food production.

Replant lost hedges (particularly along slopes) to reinforce the distinct field patterns of the landscape, contribute to nature recovery networks, minimise soil erosion and reduce diffuse pollution.

LCT 3D Upland River Valleys (PDF) [900KB]

LCT 3G: River Valley Slopes & Combes

View south from Great Torrington Common across the Torridge valley to strongly wooded valley slopes

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the steep wooded slopes enclosing the main river valleys that cross the two districts (the Taw, Torridge, Tamar, Carey and Mole).

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 3G River Valley Slopes & Combes (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Steep valley slopes with folds created by small tributary valleys feeding into main rivers. Elevated landform allowing extensive views across river valleys below.
Underlying geology of Carboniferous mudstones, siltstones and sandstone, with river courses below carving steep sided, open valleys through the landform.
Extensive tree cover clothing valley sides - including areas of oak-dominated ancient semi-natural woodland, beech and non-native broadleaved plantations, patches of wet woodland and large tracts of conifer plantations (often on ancient woodland sites). There are many County Wildlife Sites reflecting biodiversity importance.
Mixture of field sizes and origins, including irregular medium-scale medieval fields as well as larger regular fields of modern origin.
Fields divided by mixed species Devon hedges often with wildflower-rich banks and frequent hedgerow trees on lower slopes. Some use of fencing.
Agricultural land between woodlands comprising a mixture of sheep/dairy pasture, arable fields and rough grazing land.
Valued semi-natural habitats associated with densely wooded valley slopes, supporting a rich ground flora. Patches of gorse and rough grassland contribute to local landscape diversity. Orchards form occasional features and are often associated with farms.
Historic features including Iron Age hillforts occupying prominent positions on hill summits above river valleys.
Estate woodland relating to areas of Grade I registered parkland along the valley and on some wooded slopes.
Local vernacular building styles of cream/whitewashed thatched cottages, with some exposed stone and slate as a roofing material. Clusters of listed buildings (some Grade I) in some historic villages.
Lightly settled with high levels of tranquillity - occasional farms and individual properties linked by steep narrow lanes plunging down valley slopes and wrapping around valley sides.
Peaceful landscape with strong sense of remoteness - broken in the Taw Valley by the presence of the Tarka Line railway and main A377 following the valley floors.
The Tarka Trail passes along a stretch of the River Torridge.

Sloping pasture fields and wooded valley slopes of the Taw valley.

Valued landscape attributes

Broadleaved woodlands covering valley slopes, important for biodiversity, flood mitigation and carbon sequestration.
Significant semi-natural and woodland habitats with associated flora and fauna.
Narrow green lanes forming tunnels through woodland and roadside hedges.
Importance for recreation, including the Tarka Trail.
Sense of peace and tranquillity.

View west overlooking the Torridge Valley towards Merton.

Isolated farm building on winding lane with characteristic local vernacular of cream/whitewash and exposed stone.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect and manage remaining traditional orchards.

Conserve existing areas of semi-natural habitat including rush pasture, unimproved rough grassland and scrub.

Manage

Manage species-rich Devon hedgebanks through the regular coppicing of hedgerow trees, planting new (climate-resilient) specimens and re-laying gappy sections, strengthening irregular medieval field patterns.

Manage agricultural run-off into the rivers from adjacent areas to reduce water pollution and impacts on ecological networks. Reduce nutrient and sediment pollution of water courses by creating riparian buffer strips, creating new hedges along contours, and constructing wetlands to intercept pollutants.

Manage broadleaved woodlands on valley sides (including use of traditional techniques such as coppicing) to maximise age and species diversity and a rich ground flora and promote woodland planting which extends and strengthens the existing woodland and hedge network, in line with Devon Local Nature Partnership's Right Place, Right Tree guidance.

Manage parkland estates, resisting conversion from pastoral to arable use. Manage wood pasture and grassland habitats extensively to prevent damage to tree root systems.

Retain veteran/dying trees for their wildlife habitats, seeking to plant the next generation of parkland trees using locally prevalent, climate-resilient species.

Manage and control/ eradicate where possible invasive water-borne weeds including Himalayan Balsam.

Manage important areas of rough grassland on upper slopes through a continuation of livestock grazing at appropriate levels. Support farmers to continue to farm these 'marginal' areas as an integral part of their farming system, including through the future Environmental Land Management Schemes.

Plan

Encourage natural regeneration of woodland (particularly ancient semi-natural woodlands) and undertake new planting (using climate-hardy species) to link fragmented sites.

Develop long-term restructuring of conifer plantations to a more mixed structure, while retaining their role in sustainable timber production. Re-create and restore open habitats as part of a varied mosaic.

Understand likely hydrological changes in watercourses resulting from climate change and the impact of these changes on flood risk. Natural flood management and allowing space for flooding by restoring wetland habitats should be enhanced where appropriate within the landscape.

Respond to the national policy drive for woodland planting, following the principles set out in Devon Local Nature Partnership's Right Place, Right Tree guidance. Extending woodland along and up the valley sides could make an important contribution to local nature recovery networks, reducing flood risk and improving water quality.

LCT 3H: Secluded Valleys

Small scale marshy pasture on the valley floor of the River Yeo.

Summary description

The Secluded Valleys carve through the highest land of the districts, forming tributaries of the main rivers including the Taw, Torridge, Bray, Mole and Tamar.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 44: North Devon Downs

LCT 3H Secluded Valleys (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Steep-sided, incised valleys with fast-flowing streams and rivers carving through the landscape, crowned by rounded hill summits.
Includes the main tributary valleys of the Taw, Torridge, Bray, Mole and Tamar, as well as the tightly enclosed southward-draining downland valleys of North Devon.
Watercourses carve through underlying Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and siltstones (Culm Measures). The downland valleys incise steeply through bands of Morte slate in their upper courses, flowing through the sandstones and mudstones from the Late Devonian as they flow south.
Lakes / reservoirs occupy the heads of the Wolf and Tamar Valleys.
Mixture of field sizes and shapes - often smaller, irregular medieval enclosures on lower slopes, with upper slopes merging into larger post-medieval and modern fields, often retaining earlier curving boundaries.
Species-rich Devon hedges on wildflower-rich banks, with bank-side ferns and frequent hedgerow trees associated with lower valley locations.
Steep valley sides dominated by pasture grazed by sheep and cattle, with patches of rough grazing land on upper slopes and rushy meadows fringing watercourses.
Dense tree cover cloaking valley sides, including ancient semi-natural oak woodlands with a colourful ground flora, beech-dominated broadleaved woodlands and conifer blocks. Some ancient sessile oak woodland is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Patches of wet woodland trace watercourses.
Woodlands interspersed with patches of Culm grassland, species-rich rush pasture, Molinia mire, unimproved acid and neutral grasslands, wet meadows and gorse and willow scrub. Many areas of semi-natural habitat are County Wildlife Sites.
Parkland estates containing veteran trees within wood pasture feature along some valleys; one is a SSSI for its rich lichen and invertebrate communities.
Sense of time depth provided by a scattering of Bronze Age barrows and tumuli, Iron Age hillforts on prominent hill-top sites, historic parkland estates and monastic remains; many are Scheduled Monuments.
Mills, dismantled railway lines, mining shafts and stone bridges reflect the valleys' industrial heritage.
Nucleated historic villages, hamlets and farmsteads grouped at crossing points, with some linear spread along valley floors. Settlement linked by minor roads running along valley floors and sunken lanes falling steeply down slopes.
Strong local vernacular of exposed local stone and slate, along with cream, whitewashed and yellow buildings, some with thatched roofs. Derelict corrugated iron linhays frequently feature in valleys within Torridge district.
High levels of peace and tranquillity frequently defined by sounds of fast-flowing water, although locally impacted by main roads in some valleys.

LCT 3H Tributary stream valley of the River Mole, with historic parkland enclosed by dense woodland on both sides, and riparian vegetation following the course of the stream.

Tributary stream valley of the River Mole, with historic parkland enclosed by dense woodland on both sides, and riparian vegetation following the course of the stream.

Valued landscape attributes

Unspoilt, secluded and secretive character providing a tranquil landscape.
Broadleaved woodlands and coppice clothing valley sides, important for biodiversity, flood mitigation and carbon sequestration.
Rich mosaic of water, meadows, grassland, hedges, small fields and woodland, all providing wildlife havens.
Narrow sunken lanes with stone bridges plus other historic features creating a strong sense of time depth.

Cattle grazing floodplain pasture on the upper reaches of the River Carey.

The historic Chelfham viaduct signifies the industrial heritage of the landscape

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect valued ancient sessile oak woodland and implement appropriate management regimes. Conserve the mosaic of semi-natural habitats associated with woodlands. Including valued areas of Culm grassland.

Conserve existing areas of semi-natural habitat including rush pasture, unimproved meadows, wet meadows, ponds and willow scrub.

Manage

Manage wood pasture and grassland habitats to prevent damage to tree root systems.

Retain veteran/dying trees for their wildlife habitats, seeking to plant the next generation of parkland trees using locally prevalent, climate-resilient species.

Manage wet woodland and meadows through traditional grazing and land management regimes to enhance their wildlife value and roles in flood prevention.

Manage areas of semi-natural habitat including water meadows and riparian habitats on valley floors. Link and extend habitats where possible to increase biodiversity and contribute to nature recovery networks.

Manage broadleaved woodlands on valley sides (including use of traditional techniques such as coppicing) for age and species diversity and promote woodland planting which extends and strengthens the existing woodland and hedge network, in line with Devon Local Nature Partnership's Right Place, Right Tree guidance.

Encourage natural regeneration of woodland and undertake new planting (using climate-hardy species) to link fragmented sites. Restore riparian corridors of native broadleaved trees to provide shade and keep rivers cool.

Plan

Respond to the UK-wide policy drive for increased tree and woodland planting, implementing Devon Local Nature Partnership's 'Right Place, Right Tree' principles to create a balance of climate-resilient native species appropriate to the local landscape. Avoid siting new woodland where there would be an adverse impact on the expansive views from higher ground.

Reduce nutrient and sediment pollution of water courses by creating riparian buffer strips, creating new hedges along contours, and constructing wetlands to intercept pollutants.

Expand and link fragmented Culm grassland habitats to increase biodiversity value, resilience to climate change and to contribute to wider nature recovery networks.

Diversify and enhance future sustainability of the area's conifer plantations, exploring opportunities for mixed stocking, the restoration of open habitats such as Culm Grasslands, and improved access and recreation.

Restore lost or degraded lengths of hedgerow to strengthen ecological connectivity and natural flood management whilst respecting the characteristic local field patterns. Follow guidelines published by Devon Hedge Group.

LCT 4A: Estuaries

View north-west from the south banks of the River Taw towards Chivenor Royal Marine Barracks, with Braunton Down behind.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the broad Taw-Torridge Estuary and its surrounding mudflats and marshes. All but the estuary mouth falls within North Devon district. A small part of the estuary is within the core of the North Devon Biosphere Reserve, with the remainder falling within the buffer zone.

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 4A Estuaries (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Broad, sweeping estuary of the Taw/Torridge rivers, with expansive mudflats and sandbanks inundated by water from the sea at high tide.
Backed by gradually rising land, the estuary reaching its coastal extent between the sand dunes of Braunton and Northam Burrows.
Estuary immediately fringed by areas of saltmarsh, sand spits, lagoons and reclaimed farmland.
Banks of estuary defined by grazing marsh, arable fields and rough grassland divided by brackish ditches, fencing and thorny hedges.
Farmland drained and enclosed in post-medieval and recent times, comprising regular fields and unenclosed marshes. Streams and water-filled ditches drain into the estuary.
Tree cover limited to overgrown hedges and areas of scrub within fringing farmland, with small blocks of broadleaved and ancient woodlands overlooking the tidal reaches of the Taw and Torridge rivers.
Nationally important for biodiversity - supporting major populations of migratory and overwintering wading birds, fish including sea trout and salmon, rich saltmarshes, and areas of brackish water fringed by willow.
Vast majority of the estuary designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and part of a Special Area of Conservation extends into the landscape. Several County Wildlife Sites are found across the estuary.
A small part of the estuary is within the core of the North Devon Biosphere Reserve, with the remainder being within the buffer zone.
Strong maritime history associated with the textile trade, reflected in Grade I listed Long Bridges, as well as historic quays dotted along the shore.
An unsettled landscape, although strongly influenced by housing, industrial and commercial development associated with settlements on the estuary banks.
Sewage works located on the north bank of the estuary, with views of nearby development also affecting overarching perceptions of tranquillity and remoteness associated with the estuary.
Recreational value with a small area of Registered Common Land, and waymarked routes including The Tarka Trail and South West Coast Path. National Cycle Network route 27 roughly follows estuary edge.
Strong sensory characteristics: colour and texture of habitats; smell of mudflats and the sea; birdsong and calls; sight of sunlight reflecting off water.

The River Caen (a tributary of the River Taw), with cattle-grazed marshland along its banks.

Valued landscape attributes

The strong sense of openness, with expansive views across the estuary.
Unique flora and fauna, particularly important for overwintering birds.
Opportunities for waterfront access and recreation (including cycle paths).
Evidence of historic quays indicates the area's important maritime heritage.

View south-east across the River Taw from Crow Point (Braunton) towards Instow.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect the habitats on the fringes of the estuary including overgrown hedges, scrub and areas of brackish water fringed by willow.

Conserve the role of the estuary in supporting major populations of migratory and overwintering wading birds, fish including sea trout and salmon.

Manage

Manage the estuary's internationally important habitats including saltmarshes, lagoons and mudflats, using traditional techniques including appropriate levels of grazing, in accordance with North Devon Biosphere Reserve guidelines.

Manage agricultural land fringing the estuary using traditional farming and land management practices, encouraging farmers and commoners to use the pastures and marshes for appropriate levels of grazing as part of their farming systems.

Manage fertiliser run-off from adjacent areas to reduce contamination of the estuary and nature conservation sites.

Plan

Mitigate the impacts of climate change (particularly the effects of sea level rise and coastal erosion), by allowing natural process to take place where possible, whilst ensuring that local communities are involved in making decisions about their future landscape.

Expand estuarine and wetland habitats as part of a nature recovery network approach to build resilience to the impacts of future climate change.

Sensitively incorporate flood defenses within the landscape, favouring 'soft engineering' solutions, including natural flood management techniques where appropriate.

LCT 4B: Marine Levels & Coastal Plains

View east across grazing marsh towards Chivenor Airfield with the church tower at Heanton Punchardon on the skyline.

Summary description

The Marine Levels and Coastal Plain Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the reclaimed estuary fringes of Braunton Marsh and Chivenor Airfield on the northern banks of the Taw-Torridge Estuary. It also includes the historic landscape of Braunton Great Field backing Braunton Marsh. Both Braunton Great Field and Braunton Marsh form part of the North Devon Biosphere Reserve buffer zone, with the western edge falling within the core of the site. They also lie within the wider North Devon Heritage Coast. The western edge of Braunton Marsh is partially within the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 4B Marine Levels & Coastal Plains (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Flat, expansive landscapes bordering the Taw-Torridge Estuary, often with 'big skies' and long views across the wide estuary and seascape.
Geology of Devonian and Carboniferous mudstones topped with tidal and alluvial deposits of clay, silt, and sand.
Wet pastures and reclaimed marshes enclosed by reed-fringed drainage ditches or low-cut thorn hedges in large, regular fields.
Areas of preserved medieval open strip fields. Landsherds (small earth mounds) and furlong boundaries (tracks) still exist as a legacy of their creation in the late-medieval period.
Mixture of wet grazing marsh and pasture on reclaimed land backing the estuary, with some localised areas of fertile arable farmland.
Open ground surrounding Chivenor Airfield and barracks comprising a mixture of recreational grounds, fenced-off airfields and pony paddocks.
An exposed landscape with limited tree cover; occasional stands providing shelter to isolated farmsteads, with riparian and secondary woodland associated with marshy areas.
Habitats of national importance including coastal grasslands, reedbeds, grazing marsh and a network of drainage ditches (supporting rare aquatic plants) within the North Devon Biosphere Reserve core and buffer zones.
Strong sense of time depth telling the story of the marsh's 19th century land reclamation for agriculture, including preserved medieval open strip field systems, banks, stone bridges, linhays and sluices, many of which are listed.
The area has a long association with the military.
Absence of settlement with occasional isolated farms, bungalows, cottages and traditional stone livestock shelters, often with thatched roofs.
Strong sense of exposure and of being close to the coast, with the horizontal landscape giving a feeling of openness and evoking perceptions of 'wildness'.
Chivenor Airfield includes a dense mixture of 20th century housing, hangars and other military structures. Nearby settlements have a strong influence in views and erode local perceptions of tranquillity.

Circular linhay on Braunton Marsh.

Valued landscape attributes

Braunton Great Field medieval field system: a jewel in North Devon's crown ('our World Heritage Site')
An obviously historic landscape: landsherds, furlongs, ditches, stone walls, animal shelters and traditional farming methods.
Rich biodiversity and wetland habitats for birds.
Peaceful and tranquil.
A landscape of transitions between land, estuary and sea.

Arable fields west of Braunton Great Field.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect habitats of national importance including coastal grasslands, reedbeds, grazing marsh and a network of drainage ditches (supporting rare aquatic plants).

Protect the network of hedgerows which form important linkages between semi-natural habitats.

Manage

Manage the estuary's internationally important habitats including saltmarshes and mudflats, using traditional techniques including appropriate levels of grazing, in accordance with North Devon Biosphere Reserve guidelines.

Manage Braunton Marsh through continued agricultural grazing. Explore opportunities to restore previously intensified agricultural land to grazing marsh, including through the new Environmental Land Management Schemes.

Manage and support continuation of arable and horticultural farming on Braunton Great Field within the original medieval strips.

Manage fertiliser run-off from adjacent areas to reduce contamination of the estuary and nature conservation sites.

Plan

Mitigate the impacts of climate change (particularly the effects of sea level rise and coastal erosion), by allowing natural process to take place where possible.

Expand estuarine and wetland habitats as part of a nature recovery network approach to build resilience to the impacts of future climate change.

Respond to the UK-wide policy drive for woodland planting in line with the Devon Local Nature Partnership Right Place, Right Tree guidance to ensure the distinctive characteristics of the landscape are retained and enhanced, including using new tree planting to help screen and soften visual impact of new built elements that detract from rural character.

LCT 4C: Coastal Slopes & Combes with Settlement

Steep, narrow combe road enclosed by trees and tall hedgebanks

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) comprises the distinctive coastal combes of North Devon, which carve through the landform on their way to the sea. These combes include linear settlements in their valley bottoms and at their coastal mouths, including Combe Martin, Croyde and Woolacombe. Much of the LCT is within the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and North Devon Heritage Coast. The southern part of the LCT is also within the North Devon Biosphere Reserve buffer zone.

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 4C Coastal Slopes & Combes with Settlement (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Steep-sided and narrow branching combes carving through the surrounding rolling landform to the coast, with some designated geological features.
Mixed fields, including small-scale irregular medieval patterns following valley contours and larger post-medieval and modern fields along the combe bottoms and summits. Medieval strip fields can feature around settlements.
Fields bound by a range of Devon hedge styles, including sections faced by Morte slate, as well as windblown, sparse hedges on exposed slopes.
Rough sheep-grazed pasture characterises much of the landscape, including open tracts on steep combe slopes and summits.
Dense woodland (including ancient oak) is found at the heads of some combes, whilst lines of trees follow the stream courses and provide shelter to settlements. Many of the woodlands are County Wildlife Sites.
Plantation woodland is located within some of the coastal combes.
Other habitats include mosaics of unimproved grassland, heath and scrub, with maritime grassland, heath and scrub occurring towards the coast.
Early settlement and land use indicated by the presence of prehistoric heritage assets including an Iron-Age hillfort and a standing stone. Listed buildings include limekilns, silver mines and other mineral workings, and stone churches in settlements.
Long linear settlements generally follow the narrow valley floors, whilst dispersed farmsteads (including some listed buildings) and hamlets are scattered throughout, nestled into valley sides. Many historic villages include Conservation Areas, with some modern expansion.
Traditional vernacular of whitewash walls and grey slate roofs, with local variations of exposed stone and thatch, and Victorian and Edwardian properties in some coastal towns.
A strong sense of containment, with views often limited by the steep wooded combe slopes. Levels of tranquillity vary greatly according to the proximity of development.
The landscapes around popular coastal villages are influenced by modern resort activities, including holiday parks, caravan and camping sites and car parks, which erode the rural character and sense of tranquility.
The South West Coast Path passes along the coastline, often connecting with rights of way running inland along the combe bottoms. Several National Cycle Network routes also cross through the northern parts of the LCT.

View south from Lee Bay to the wooded valley sides of Borough Valley combe. Morte slate is a distinctive building material in this area.

Valued landscape attributes

Strong medieval strip field systems indicating early settlement and land use and providing a sense of time-depth in the landscape.
Locally distinctive pattern of linear settlements contained within the landscape (mainly within the combes), some with farmsteads in village centres.
Industrial heritage, including stone-built harbours, lime kilns and mining remains.
Traditional vernacular of cob, Morte slate, thatch, whitewash and stone.
Edwardian and Victorian influence evident in seaside towns and villages.

Car park and mixed traditional and modern residential properties at Hele Bay

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect ancient oak woodlands in coastal combes. Control access by livestock, promoting natural regeneration to enhance longevity whilst using extensive grazing to promote the diversity of woodland ground flora.

Protect the habitat mosaics of unimproved grassland (including maritime grassland), heath and scrub present within the valleys.

Protect traditionally farmed areas and resist further agricultural intensification which has resulted in the loss of field boundaries.

Manage

Manage, sustain and support agricultural use, increasing the biodiversity of farmland, providing incentives for farmers to graze 'marginal' land such as unimproved grassland and coastal heath as an integral part of their farming systems (including through the new Environmental Land Management schemes and other initiatives).

Manage hedgerows and replace lost or over mature hedgerow trees and wind-sculpted tree belts; restore lost field boundaries where possible.

Manage and re-link woodlands, encouraging the use of traditional techniques such as coppicing, and retaining the diversity of woodland types within the area.

Manage and re-link semi-natural coastal habitats to maximise their biodiversity and strengthen their resistance to coastal squeeze and climate change. Restore and develop areas of coastal heath and create buffer zones between cliff communities and improved agricultural land where possible.

Plan

Encourage a diverse mix of habitats and nature recovery networks, including plantations, broadleaved woodland and grassland.

Create, extend and link woodland and wetland habitats to enhance the water storage capacity of the landscape (reducing flood risk) and improve water quality through reducing soil erosion and agricultural run-off.

Encourage natural regeneration of woodland, ensuring that any new planting is in line with the Devon Local Nature Partnership Right Place, Right Tree guidance to retain and enhance the distinctive characteristics of the landscape. Aim to connect fragmented sites, including within combes and on steep coastal slopes.

Plan for the diversification and future sustainability of conifer plantations in the landscape, exploring options for the restoration of open habitats such as species-rich grasslands and opportunities for access/recreation.

Plan for the future effects of climate change along the coast, allowing natural processes to take place as much as possible, whilst ensuring local people are involved in decision-making relating to future landscapes.

LCT 4D: Coastal Slopes & Combes

View north-east from Welcombe Mouth Bay.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) comprises the sparsely settled combes carving through the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in Torridge District. It is also part of the Hartland Heritage Coast.

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 4D Coastal Slopes & Combes (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Narrow, steep-sided valley landforms stretching inland from the coast, lined by fast-flowing streams.
Sandstone bedrock geology of the Crackington (and Bude) formations.
Varying field patterns - elongated medieval or post-medieval field patterns characterising the wider valley bottoms, often enclosed by post-and-wire fencing and surrounding woodland, whilst the edges of modern or medieval fields on upper slopes are often bound by thick Devon hedges.
Rough pasture predominates along the valley bottoms, with rough grazing land on the valley sides in between woodland. Both pasture and arable fields occasionally overlap onto the upper slopes.
Rich variety of semi-natural habitats, including ancient oak-dominated woodland, wet woodland, unimproved grassland (including Culm grasslands), and areas of maritime scrub, grassland and heath towards the coast.
Coastal Sites of Special Scientific Interest and Special Areas of Conservation extend into the combes. A number of County Wildlife Sites also reflect the presence of valued habitats.
Historic features such as stone-built mills, lime kilns and quays reflect the area's industrial past. Many are listed buildings.
Sparsely settled, with small groups of dwellings and historic hamlets (including a Conservation Area) of local stone and whitewash with slate and sometimes thatched roofs, often sited at stream crossing points.
Limited access, with minor roads generally crossing valleys and only occasionally along them, whilst footpaths and bridleways snake alongside streams. The South West Coast Path follows the coastal edges of the combes.
Spectacular views to the sea and dramatic coastal cliffs afforded through gaps in tree cover, and where the combes open out towards the coast.
High levels of tranquillity - often the only sounds being birdsong, the fast-flowing combe streams, and the distant roar of the sea.

View north-west from Stoke village across wooded coastal combe to farms on the opposite ridgeline (within LCT 1B).

Valued landscape attributes

Secluded, intimate and small-scale landscapes.
Contrast between sheltered woodlands and open vistas framed by the sea.
Ancient woodland and rich biodiversity shaped by salt-laden winds.
'Olde worlde' village charm and a strong historic sense of place.

View west towards sea at Speke's Mill Mouth from The South West Coast Path.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect sites designated for their biodiversity value, particularly the relatively rare coastal habitats and sites.

Manage

Manage and enhance the combes' ancient oak woodlands through traditional techniques such as coppicing and a programme of invasive species removal.

Control access by livestock, promoting natural regeneration to enhance longevity whilst using extensive grazing to promote the species diversity of woodland ground flora.

Manage nationally important coastal habitats, including coastal heath and maritime grasslands, through supporting a continuation of extensive grazing at appropriate levels.

Manage and extend areas of wet woodland and wet meadows through appropriate grazing and traditional land management regimes - both to enhance their wildlife value and functions in water regulation.

Plan

Plan for the future of ancient/broadleaved woodlands (managing them to incorporate climate-hardy species) and other semi-natural habitats such as Culm grasslands and maritime heath, particularly to account for habitat / species migration due to future climate change.

Restore and develop interconnected nature recovery networks of coastal habitats and the woodlands and grasslands which extend inland.

LCT 4E: Extensive Inter-Tidal Sands

The long sandy beach at Saunton Sands, backed by Braunton Burrows with long views towards the Taw-Torridge estuary mouth and settlement at Westward Ho!.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the broad sandy beaches of Woolacombe, Croyde, Saunton and Westward Ho! - with a westerly, Atlantic aspect. All of the LCT is within the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and core zone of North Devon Biosphere Reserve. Apart from Westward Ho!, the LCT is also within the North Devon Heritage Coast.

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 4E Extensive Inter-Tidal Sands (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Wide sandy beaches with a westerly aspect, backed by sand dunes and framed within broad bays often marked by spectacular cliffs.
Westward Ho! Beach separated from its adjacent sand dunes by a distinctive cobble ridge of pebbles and boulders - a nationally recognised coastal feature.
Landscape crossed by small streams draining to the sea.
Beaches linked to wider coastal wildlife networks, with Site of Special Scientific Interest designations.
The lime-rich beach of Saunton Sands is part of the internationally important ecosystem of Braunton Burrows (part of the Biosphere Reserve core zone and a Special Area of Conservation), acting as a focal point for bird migration routes down the west coast of Britain.
Few static historic features due to the constantly changing nature of the coastline. A submerged forest is visible during certain low tides, indicating past sea level rise during the Holocene period.
Two offshore wrecks are designated as Scheduled Monuments, reflecting the maritime trade history of the area.
Unsettled, 'wild' landscapes with perceptual qualities strongly affected by the seasons and tides. In summer periods the beaches are alive with movement and activity and are popular destinations for surfing, kite boarding and family beach holidays.
Expansive views along the scenic AONB coastline, including to Hartland Point in clear conditions.
Views south along the coast are dominated by ridgeline development of coastal settlements.
Views inland from the beaches include frequent glimpses of tourism-related development, including holiday parks and caravan sites.

View north from Northam Burrows towards Saunton Down.

Valued landscape attributes

Open space and panoramic views out to sea.
Habitat provision for a range of species, including feeding grounds for wading birds.
The unspoilt character, despite the close proximity to areas of modern development.
Opportunities for recreation and enjoyment, including surfing, water sports, fishing and family relaxation.

View south towards development at Westward Ho! with the distinctive pebble ridge separating the beach and adjacent sand dunes

Management guidelines

Protect

Conserve the internationally important habitats including the lime-rich beach of Saunton Sands (which forms part of a wider ecosystem within the Biosphere Reserve core zone and a Special Area of Conservation).

Manage

Manage the wider coastal habitat networks which are linked to the beaches for the benefit of wildlife.

Manage the landscape to prevent run-off and pollutants entering the small streams draining to the sea.

Plan

Changes to sea-levels and hydrology processes resulting from climate change may result in coastal squeeze and a need for new sea defences. The impact of coastal management on semi-natural habitats and species should be carefully considered.

LCT 4F: Dunes

Braunton Burrows, rising up behind Saunton Sands beach.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) comprises the sand dune landscapes of Woolacombe Warren, Croyde Burrows, Braunton Burrows and Northam Burrows. The majority of this LCT falls within the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and Heritage Coast. It also forms a large part of the North Devon Biosphere Reserve core zone.

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 4F Dunes (PDF) [897KB]

Key characteristics

Hummocky dune systems backing sandy beaches, forming prominent features along the west coast of the North Devon AONB.
Elevated and exposed topography affording extensive views along the coast, out to sea and inland.
Dunes underlain by Late Devonian sandstones and mudstones.
Low-growing wind-sculpted scrub and small patches of secondary woodland.
Some rough grazing and common land grazing (particularly by ponies) on the saltmarshes and dunes. Most of the dunes are under non-agricultural uses or left as 'wild' landscapes.
High nature conservation interest associated with the dunes, which form the core zone of the North Devon Biosphere Reserve and are designated as a Special Area of Conservation.
Many of the dunes are designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). There are also several County Wildlife Sites and the area is within the Exmoor Coast and Heaths Important Bird Area.
The rich dune grasslands, wildflowers and scrub support numerous plant and animal species.
Long-standing military use of some of the dunes for training exercises - concrete practice landing craft, radar station and decoy targets from the Second World War remain in the landscape.
Undeveloped landscape with a strong sense of wildness and high levels of tranquillity.
Golf courses are integrated into the sand dune landscapes, including the oldest golf course in Britain.
Perceptual qualities affected by views of nearby urban and tourism-related development, as well as the extensive use of the dunes for recreation (particularly in the summer months).
Dunes crossed by a network of rights of way, including lengths of the South West Coast Path and Tarka Trail. There is also a small area of Registered Common Land.

Sand dunes at Croyde Burrows

Valued landscape attributes

Wilderness, tranquillity and natural qualities.
Open views.
Valuable and unique habitats as part of the North Devon UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
Freedom to roam and find space away from other people.

View east across the golf course at Northam Burrows, with the Taw-Torridge estuary beyond.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect the rich mosaic of dune habitats which support a vast range of plant and animal species.

Manage

Manage active sand dune systems through appropriate levels of grazing and access.

Manage, extend and re-link the diverse range of nationally important coastal habitats (including heath, dunes and coastal grassland) to enhance their biodiversity, and increase their resilience to rising sea levels and more extreme weather events.

Increase areas of coastal heathland and create buffer zones between cliff communities and improved agricultural land where possible.

Plan

Plan to mitigate the effects of climate change, particularly coastal squeeze, seeking to expand and link semi-natural habitats and wildlife networks as part of local nature recovery networks.

Plan for the future effects of climate change along the coast, allowing natural processes to take place as much as possible.

LCT 4H: Cliffs

Cliffs at Hartland Quay, with the outline of Lundy on the horizon

Summary description

The Cliffs Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the entire length of the coast, broken only by the Taw-Torridge Estuary and the west-facing beaches and sand dunes backing Bideford/ Barnstaple Bay. All of the cliffs fall within the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and most is also defined as Heritage Coast. Cornborough Cliff (Torridge) is within the North Devon Biosphere Reserve buffer zone.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 43 North Devon Coastal Downs

LCT 4H Cliffs (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

A largely undeveloped coastline of steep rocky or vegetated cliffs of varying heights, often punctuated by dramatic features such as waterfalls, rocky coves and features such as stacks and sea arches.
Distinctive and internationally renowned exposed rock stratifications often clearly visible (with thick bands of contorted Morte slate along the north coast and sandstone further south).
Extensive and dramatic views, reaching out to sea (often to Lundy), along the coastline and inland over ridgelines.
Predominantly treeless, although several north-facing stretches along the Clovelly coast are characterised by significant mature (often ancient) oak-dominated woodlands clinging to the cliff tops.
Occasional minor combes draining to the sea often lined by ancient sessile oak woodland of high nature conservation interest. These provide shelter and contrast to the open cliffs.
Rough grazing land on sloping cliff tops, with field boundaries of post-and-wire fencing or stone-faced hedgebanks.
Rich in semi-natural habitats, including maritime grassland, heath and scrub of national and international importance along the cliff tops and sloping faces. The cliffs support important breeding colonies of seabirds - those in North Devon are within the Exmoor Coasts and Heaths Important Bird Area.
Nationally designated Iron Age hillforts in commanding cliff-top positions. Remnants of the area's industrial past include limekilns and quarries along the shore. Lighthouses on prominent headlands evoke the area's strong maritime heritage.
Settlement mainly limited to small fishing villages (some with Conservation Areas) and clusters of cottages at the mouths of combes, with traditional whitewash or exposed stone vernacular.
Tourism-related development along the coastline is encroaching into the LCT in places.
Overall, a 'wild' and remote landscape with high levels of tranquillity. Access is largely restricted to the South West Coast Path and tracts of Open Access Land on cliff tops.

Cliffs at Hele Bay, north-east of Ilfracombe.

Valued landscape attributes

Wild, exposed and dramatic landscape with expansive coastal views.
Unique scenery, including spectacular geological formations and rugged coastal landforms.
Important wildlife habitats and archaeological features (including cliff castles, quays, lime kilns and lighthouses).
Access and enjoyment of the cliff top via the South West Coast Path.

Small settlement at the base of cliffs at Lee Bay.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect semi-natural habitats, including maritime grassland, heath and scrub of national and international importance (particularly for breeding colonies of seabird) along the cliff tops and sloping faces.

Conserve the mature (often ancient) oak-dominated woodlands clinging to the cliff tops along the Clovelly coast.

Manage

Manage the ancient sessile oak woodland of high nature conservation interest found in the small combes incised into the cliffs.

Manage the rough grassland on the cliff tops through appropriate levels of grazing.

Plan

Plan for the impacts of a changing climate on the coastline, allowing natural processes to take place whilst considering how habitats, heritage/ geomorphological assets and the South West Coast Path can be expanded or relocated to account for coastal squeeze.

LCT 4I: Rocky Foreshores

Shoreline platform and boulders at Welcombe Beach.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers much of the North Devon and Torridge coastline, broken by the Taw-Torridge Estuary, Widmouth Head, and the presence of sandy beaches and sand dunes backing Bideford/Barnstaple Bay. The landscape comprises exposed bedrock forming ledges that protrude out from the base of coastal cliffs. The entire length of the foreshore is within the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and is defined as Heritage Coast. Parts of the LCT also fall within the North Devon Biosphere Reserve buffer zone

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 4I Rocky Foreshores (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Exposed bedrock forming ledges protruding out from the base of coastal cliffs
Rugged wave-cut platforms with distinctive rock formations and rockpools, gullies, crevices and boulders
Important geological and geomorphological features, reflecting diversity of rock types and coastal processes. There are a number of Regional Sites of Geological Importance and Geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest across the LCT.
Complex habitats (many designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest) shaped by the rugged and varied profiles of the rocks, supporting a rich diversity of intertidal wildlife, often adapted to harsh exposed conditions and a constantly changing environment. Much of the LCT is within a Marine Conservation Zone.
Areas in Torridge District fall within the designated as a Special Area of Conservation, reflecting its sea cliffs with maritime heath and coastal grassland habitats, as well as old oak woodlands. Areas within North Devon are within the Exmoor Coast and Heaths Important Bird Area.
Heritage assets are sparse due to the actions of the sea - the only example of note is a grade II listed limekiln.
Subject to inundation at high tide, making some areas inaccessible particularly where fast tides are characteristic.
Wild qualities with an overall absence of development (apart from some disturbance from nearby coastal settlements); exposed to the forces of waves and wind coming off the sea.
There are long views west to Lundy and beyond across the Atlantic Ocean.

Exposed bedrock and Intertidal pools at Lee Bay.

Valued landscape attributes

Important geological exposures.
Rich intertidal biodiversity with the LCT supporting numerous species of wildlife.
Wild and exposed perceptual qualities which are strongly influenced by the weather and sea conditions.
Long views focused on the sea.

Sandy beach and wavecut platform on the Hartland coastline.

Management guidelines

Protect

Conserve the internationally important habitats including the intertidal pools (which form part of a wider ecosystem within the Marine Conservation Zone/Special Area of Conservation).

Manage

Manage the wider coastal habitat networks linked to the rocky foreshores for the benefit of wildlife, particularly breeding birds.

Plan

LCT 5A: Inland Elevated Undulating Land

LCT 5A map showing location of inland undulating land within the boundary of North Devon (minus Exmoor National Park) and Torridge

LCT 5A Rolling pastoral fields bound by hedgerows, with farmsteads nestled within the landscape, and the church tower at Bridgerule prominent on the skyline.

Rolling pastoral fields bound by hedgerows, with farmsteads nestled within the landscape, and the church tower at Bridgerule prominent on the skyline.

Summary description

The Inland Elevated Undulating Land Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers areas of high and gently undulating farmland, mainly in Torridge District with a small patch south-west of South Molton in North Devon. Many of the hill summits enable long views across the surrounding landscapes and beyond, including to Dartmoor National Park.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 32: High Culm Ridges

LCT 5A Inland Elevated Undulating Land (PDF) [801KB]

Key characteristics

Elevated land cut by a series of tributaries forming folds in the landform. Parts are high and remote with far-reaching views to Dartmoor, including summits of over 200 metres.
Underlying geology of Culm Measures - comprising smooth bands of mudstones, siltstones and harder outcrops of sandstone. Rich red soils are often exposed through ploughing.
Medium-scale regular fields of recent enclosure, with pockets of smaller fields of medieval origin on valley slopes and tracts of unenclosed rough grazing along valley bottoms.
Fields enclosed by mixed species hedges (predominantly hawthorn and blackthorn) with flower-rich banks and frequent hedgerow trees in sheltered locations. Some locally distinctive hedges topped with gorse and beech. Occasional amalgamated fields bounded by fences.
Strong farmed character with pasture fields grazed by cattle and sheep, occasional fields of arable cultivation and rough grazing of rushy meadows along valleys.
Tributary valleys lined by broadleaved and wet woodland (occasionally ancient) providing contrasting shelter and texture. Small farm woods (including remnant orchards), occasional conifer blocks and avenues of mature beech provide further woodland cover.
Important areas of Culm grassland designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
Species-rich fen and rush pasture, valley mire, unimproved grasslands and scrub found in valley bottoms and areas of impeded drainage.
Linhays (traditional livestock shelters) of local stone and cob, with corrugated iron or slate roofs, forming notable farmland features.
Local vernacular of white-washed or local sandstone buildings with slate or thatch roofs, often with red brick detailing. Square church towers with ornate pinnacles form distinctive local landmarks.
Scattered historic features including clusters of Bronze Age bowl barrows , an Iron Age hillfort and enclosure, a Roman marching camp and the remains of a 13th century Priory. Many are Scheduled Monuments.
Farms dispersed throughout, often on exposed ridges protected by evergreen shelterbelts. Nucleated villages also occupy prominent ridgeline positions, often with linear development of white/cream houses and bungalows spreading outwards from the historic core.
Straight roads traversing ridges and dipping down into valleys, crossing streams on sandstone bridges.
Strongly rural character diluted by the presence of prominent pylon lines, industrial developments outside some settlements, and busy roads including the main A388 road.
Wind turbines are becoming more prevalent in the landscape, with occasional small wind farms as well as scattered single turbines elsewhere.
Overall high levels of tranquillity with dark night skies.

View across hedgerow-bound pasture fields and wooded valleys towards Bradworthy.

Valued landscape attributes

Long views from elevated ridgelines including to Dartmoor National Park.
Patchwork of fields and hedges provide texture the landscape
A traditional working agricultural landscape with a strong rural character.
Important Culm grassland and wetland habitats support a range of species.
Quiet, relaxed and tranquil.

View south-west towards Moortown conifer plantation, with the profile of Bodmin Moor in distant views on the skyline.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect the farming and land management traditions of the area, continuing to support local farmers to extensively graze remaining areas of Culm grassland, fen, meadow and mire as integral parts of their farming systems.

Protect traditional orchards which contribute to landscape structure and diversity.

Protect valuable Culm grassland habitats, resisting any further loss to agriculture or forestry.

Conserve tracts of wetland habitats located along the tributary valleys.

Maintain hedgebanks which provide a sense of enclosure along the narrow lanes.

Manage

Manage Culm grassland and wetland habitats (with locally appropriate levels of grazing) to maximise their biodiversity and strengthen their resilience to climate change.

Manage forestry plantations for sustainable timber production and to enhance their wildlife interest.

Manage areas of broadleaved woodland using traditional techniques such as coppicing. Promote age and species diversity of woodlands for the benefit of biodiversity and to increase resilience to climate change.

Manage the landscape's varied Devon hedgebanks and avenues of trees, reflecting local variations in styles and species composition. Reinstate coppicing and hedge laying to neglected sections, planting new trees where specimens are over-mature (consider using climate-hardy species to ensure longevity).

Plan

Link up fragmented areas of semi-natural habitat including Culm grassland, wetlands and woodlands to improve habitat connectivity, resilience to climate change and to contribute to nature recovery networks, utilising hedgerows and hedgebanks as habitat corridors where appropriate.

Restore lost or derelict hedgerows to reinforce medieval field patterns, contribute to ecological networks and to prevent agricultural run-off into the stream valleys.

Plan for the long-term restoration of conifer plantations to a mosaic of mixed productive woodlands and open habitats, including re-creating Culm grasslands and other semi-natural habitats within open rides and on areas of wet ground. Pursue opportunities to enhance access and recreation opportunities within the plantations.

Implement Devon Local Nature Partnership's 'Right Place, Right Tree' principles in new tree/woodland planting, aiming to create a balance of climate-resilient native species appropriate to the local landscape. Avoid planting in locations where there would be an adverse impact on the special qualities of the landscape, including attractive vistas and characteristically open areas.

Encourage opportunities for floodplain restoration and enhancement in order to better manage flooding for downstream communities and provide biodiversity benefits.

LCT 5B: Coastal Undulating Farmland

View across rolling pastoral farmland towards Cornborough Cliffs.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the rolling farmland backing the coast between Windbury Point and the western fringes of Bideford and Westward Ho!. It extends beyond the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) boundary into Torridge District. Land closest to the coast is also within the Hartland Heritage Coast. A small area around Cornborough is within the buffer zone of the North Devon Biosphere Reserve.

Link to Devon Character Areas

LCT 5B Coastal Undulating Farmland (PDF) [855KB]

Key characteristics

Strongly rolling landscape with prominent ridges and hilltops, influenced by the close proximity of the sea.
Underlying geology of mudstones and siltstones with bands of more resistant sandstone creating the undulating landform.
Pervading maritime influence with long coastal views, including to development at coastal settlements and to the north-west peninsula of the North Devon coastline.
Strong pattern of regular medium-large fields of post-medieval and modern origin, interspersed with significant areas of smaller curving or medieval strip fields.
Fields bound by Devon hedges of mixed species with flower-rich banks and some stone facing. Hawthorn, hazel, elm and/or beech are locally characteristic. Patches of gorse reinforce a sense of exposure.
Predominantly pastoral land use, with occasional arable fields and patches of rough grazing land.
Linear bands of broadleaved woodland, occasional small mixed woods, ornamental parklands and blocks of conifer plantation combined with a strong network of hedges resulting in a well-treed appearance.
Nature conservation interest provided by the area's network of woodlands and hedges, with isolated sites of Culm grassland, unimproved species-rich grassland and scrub interspersed within the farmland. Coastal locations include patches of maritime grassland, wet flushes and bracken scrub.
Part of Marsland to Clovelly Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest and Tintagel-Marsland-Clovelly Coast Special Area of Conservation extend into the coastal landscape. A number of County Wildlife Sites also highlight important areas of nature conservation interest.
Historic features include prehistoric defensive sites as well as medieval defenses and an 18th century castle (all Scheduled Monuments). Many of the churches are listed.
Traditional built vernacular of whitewashed and cream cob/render cottages, with some buildings of exposed local stone with red brick detailing. Recently built housing, including cream/white bungalows, is a feature of some villages.
Dispersed settlement pattern of scattered farmsteads and nucleated villages/hamlets at road crossing points.
Settlement and farms linked by a network of rural roads enclosed by high hedgebanks. The main A39 cuts through the area.
Away from settlements, high levels of tranquillity are experienced with dark night skies.
Urban land-uses (including equestrian paddocks and a heliport) exert a significant influence on the landscape character, notably in the east around larger settlements.
Holiday parks and caravan sites feature in the landscape, though these are largely well screened by woodland and topography.

Large-scale rectilinear fields south-east of Clovelly Cross.

Valued landscape attributes

Wide, uninterrupted sea views evoke a strong sense of openness.
Strong field patterns (including medieval fields) with frequent crooked hedgerow trees provide a sense of time depth in the landscape.
A working agricultural landscape of productive rolling farmland, with a strong rural character.
Important coastal habitats valued for their nature conservation interest.
The peaceful and tranquil qualities, with low levels of development.

A typical view of medium-sized fields sloping towards a small wooded stream valley (a tributary of the River Yeo).

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect and manage semi-natural habitats such as Culm, species-rich grassland, wet flushes and scrub. Retain a mosaic of vegetation types, and create buffer zones between cliff communities and improved agricultural land behind.

Conserve the distinctive field boundaries of mixed-species Devon hedges with flower-rich banks.

Manage

Manage the landscape's valued woodlands (including woodlands designated as SAC/SSSI), controlling invasive species and moving towards a predominance of broadleaves over conifers to enhance their wildlife interest. New planting should consider species of greater resilience to a changing climate.

Manage and protect the landscape's network of hedgebanks and hedgerow trees, replanting ageing or diseased specimens (with climate hardy species of local provenance) to ensure the future survival of these characteristic features.

Manage parkland and ornamental grounds through (for example) the planting of a new generation of specimen trees and extensive grassland management.

Plan

Replace gappy sections of the hedge network and lengths of fencing to reinforce important field patterns. Where possible, restore historic field patterns. New hedgebank construction should reflect local variations (e.g. choice of species, height/width of bank and patterns of stone-facing).

Plan for future restructuring of conifer plantations to mixed woodlands and areas of open habitat, retaining timber production to assure long-term sustainability.

Plan to re-link fragmented patches of semi-natural habitat within the farmed landscape, such as Culm grassland, unimproved species-rich grassland and scrub. Patches of species-rich grassland, wet flushes and bracken along the coast should also be managed as part of a wider nature recovery network.

The natural regeneration of woodland should be encouraged and new planting (using climate-hardy species and in line with Right Place, Right Tree principles) undertaken to link fragmented sites, including within the adjacent combes and on steep coastal slopes. Avoid new planting which could obscure important coastal views.

Plan for habitat roll-back as coastal cliffs retreat, including through managing cliff-top land extensively to reduce nutrient levels.

LCT 5C: Downland

LCT 5C map showing location of downland within the boundary of North Devon (minus Exmoor National Park) and Torridge

Elevated open farmland with views west towards Fullabrook Down wind farm and the coast beyond.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the North Devon Downs, including the elevated ridges between Combe Martin, Berrynarbor and Ilfracombe. It comprises an area of high open farmland with broad, rounded ridges slowly dropping in altitude towards Barnstaple and the Taw-Torridge Estuary. The northern and western parts of the LCT are characterised by frequent coastal views. These areas fall within the North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and Heritage Coast. The downland above Saunton is within the buffer zone of the North Devon Biosphere Reserve.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 27: Exmoor Fringe

DCA 44: North Devon Downs

LCT 5C Downland (PDF) [1MB]

Key characteristics

Rolling downland landscape with broad rounded ridges and hilltops, dropping in altitude in the south to meet the Taw/Torridge Estuary.
Northern and coastal sections of the landscape underlain by resistant Morte slate, whilst softer bands of sandstone, shales and mudstone characterise the more undulating southern parts.
Landscape drained by springs feeding into steep valleys and combes (separate LCTs). Views to these wooded valleys provide contrasting colour and texture to this strongly agricultural landscape.
A simple agricultural landscape dominated by the sky - glimpses of the coast convey a maritime influence to areas of downland closer to the sea.
Sparse woodland cover, limited to occasional blocks of coniferous plantations, small farm woods and wind-sculpted pine shelterbelts. Sporadic clumps and avenues of beech sit on prominent ridgelines.
Mixture of medium-scale curving medieval fields and larger post-medieval and modern fields with straight boundaries. Some areas of open downland remain.
Range of boundary styles including grassy Devon banks with patches of wind-pruned gorse and scrub (particularly where exposed), flower-rich banks with mixed-species hedges, and Morte slate-faced grassy banks.
Square-cut beech hedgebanks, particularly in the east where influenced by the proximity to Exmoor. Post-and-wire fences enclose some of the more intensively farmed fields.
Semi-natural habitats limited to fragmented sites of species-rich acidic and neutral grassland, rush pasture, small patches of semi-natural woodland, scrub and bracken.
Two Sites of Special Scientific Interest and several County Wildlife Sites intersect the border of the LCT.
Historic features include prehistoric burial sites, ancient hilltop enclosures, historic quarries and deserted medieval villages; many are Scheduled Monuments.
Several historic parkland estates (Grade I and II listed).
Strong local vernacular including cream and whitewashed cob/render, exposed local stone with slate roofs and some local use of thatch. Square stone church towers are characteristic landmarks, with listed buildings and several Conservation Areas in historic villages.
Sparsely settled and peaceful character, with dispersed farmsteads sited in dips in the landform and nucleated villages and hamlets located in tributary valleys and around crossroads.
Settlement linked by straight roads enclosed by hedgebanks, with occasional gaps providing long views across the landscape.
Caravan and holiday parks, as well as other tourism-related land uses detract from traditional landscape character and tranquillity, particularly in locations close to the coast.
Recreational value offered by several National Cycle Network routes (3, 27, 276), the popular Tarka Trail and Macmillan Way West, plus the public rights of way network through farmland.
Hill summits afford expansive views across the landscape and beyond, including to the coast and estuary.
Fullabrook Down Wind Farm forms a dominant feature on the skyline and is visible from many parts of the wider LCT.

Straight single-track road bound by tall grassy Devon hedges.

Valued landscape attributes

Dramatic and far-reaching views enjoyed by people.
Smooth rolling skylines, often only broken by protruding square church towers and wind turbines.
Valued wildlife habitat within the farmland and associated with the hedge network.
Scattered rural communities create a peaceful landscape.
Historic features (parkland estates and scheduled monuments) give sense of time depth.
Important for recreation and includes National Cycle Network routes, the Tarka Trail and Macmillan Way West.

Agricultural landscape of large, smoothly rolling square fields.

Management guidelines

Protect

Protect parkland trees from damage to their root systems through ploughing or agricultural inputs. Retain veteran trees as wildlife habitats and new generations of open grown trees should be encouraged.

Manage

Manage the beech clumps and pine shelterbelts which form characteristic features within the open landscape.

Manage species-rich Devon hedgebanks through the regular coppicing of characteristic wind-sculpted hedgerow trees and re-laying of gappy sections to reinforce habitat networks.

Replace lost lengths of field boundary, respecting traditional bank styles and species composition, particularly in locations at right angles to slopes to help reduce soil erosion and run-off into watercourses.

Manage and enhance the wildlife interest of agricultural fields by encouraging the creation of uncultivated field margins, reducing hedge cutting cycles, introducing grass buffer strips around intensively farmed fields and other wildlife-friendly farming methods (also reducing diffuse pollution draining from the downland).

Manage and re-link fragmented patches of species-rich grassland and rush pasture, supporting farmers to extensively graze these areas as integral parts of their farming systems.

Plan

Respond to the UK-wide policy drive for woodland planting in line with the Devon Local Nature Partnership 'Right Place, Right Tree' guidance to ensure the distinctive characteristics of the landscape are retained and enhanced (including long, open views), whilst contributing to the provision of ecosystem services (including access and recreation) and nature recovery networks.

Plan for the diversification and future sustainability of conifer plantations in the landscape, exploring options for mixed stocking, the restoration of open habitats such as species-rich grasslands and opportunities for access/recreation.

Plant replacement parkland trees as many existing specimens are reaching maturity; encourage open-grown trees within the wider countryside (choosing a diversity of species to improve resilience).

LCT 5D: Estate Wooded Farmland

View north-west across gently undulating farmland towards Hearson Hill.

Summary description

This Landscape Character Type (LCT) covers the distinctive estate farmlands and woodlands of North Devon and Torridge - concentrated on the main historic estates found in the two districts.

Link to Devon Character Areas

DCA 14: Codden Hill and Wooded Estates